I have been trained under the HACCP principles. It was a process that was developed for the NASA Astronauts and is used by most major food manufactures and many of the large food service companies. The guide below is basically the same as I use at my work location. I pulled it from this site
http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html
If you notice the chart is broken down into many different situations. For example Pork (whole muscle) is 145 for 3 minutes and pork (ground) is 160 with no rest time. With the whole muscle the outer part will get hotter than 145, but you have not contaminated it by cutting, grinding, injecting or anything else. But with the ground pork everything is all mixed up and a greater chance of contamination, so they need to go to a higher temp all the way to the center.
Not to add confusion, but if you cook a beef roast to 145, you will be pushing more of a medium well to well done after it rests. We cook beef to 130 and hold for 121min in a hot box set at 145. We get a beautiful medium rare to medium.
[h1]Safe Minimum Cooking Temperatures[/h1]
Use this chart and a food thermometer to ensure that meat, poultry, seafood, and other cooked foods reach a safe minimum internal temperature.
Remember, you can’t tell whether meat is safely cooked by looking at it. Any cooked, uncured red meats – including pork – can be pink, even when the meat has reached a safe internal temperature.
[h2]Why the Rest Time is Important[/h2]
After you remove meat from a grill, oven, or other heat source, allow it to rest for the specified amount of time. During the rest time, its temperature remains constant or continues to rise, which destroys harmful germs.
Category | Food | Temperature (°F) | Rest Time |
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Ground Meat & Meat Mixtures | Beef, Pork, Veal, Lamb | 160 | None |
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Turkey, Chicken | 165 | None | |
Fresh Beef, Veal, Lamb | Steaks, roasts, chops | 145 | 3 minutes |
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Poultry | Chicken & Turkey, whole | 165 | None |
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Poultry breasts, roasts | 165 | None | |
Poultry thighs, legs, wings | 165 | None | |
Duck & Goose | 165 | None | |
Stuffing (cooked alone or in bird) | 165 | None | |
Pork and Ham | Fresh pork | 145 | 3 minutes |
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Fresh ham (raw) | 145 | 3 minutes | |
Precooked ham (to reheat) | 140 | None | |
Eggs & Egg Dishes | Eggs | Cook until yolk and white are firm | None |
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Egg dishes | 160 | None | |
Leftovers & Casseroles | Leftovers | 165 | None |
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Casseroles | 165 | None | |
Seafood | Fin Fish | 145 or cook until flesh is opaque and separates easily with a fork. | None |
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Shrimp, lobster, and crabs | Cook until flesh is pearly and opaque. | None | |
Clams, oysters, and mussels | Cook until shells open during cooking. | None | |
Scallops | Cook until flesh is milky white or opaque and firm. | None | |